. Financial literacy among Australian university students, An analysis of personal financial literacy among educators, Education and saving: The long-term effects of high school financial curriculum mandates, Are low-income Canadians financially literate? For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. Rather than being a reason not to make personal finance mandatory, this is a call to have more standardized personal finance classes, where students are taught the same content at the same level of rigor. This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. This approach was taken because the syllabi determine what is taught to learners at this level, and is able to provide information on the content taught. Topics such as applications provide a link between mathematical principles and practical life situations relating to money and personal finances. According to Yates and Ward (2011), in a 10-year period between the years 1997 and 2008, high school seniors in 47 states in the United States took a Jump$tart quiz that assessed content knowledge on economics and personal finance, scoring an average of 53% (Grade F). The Botswana Examinations Council (BEC; 2017) website provided data on the total enrollment at BGCSE and the number of students who sat for final examination for each subject. It can create a false impression that personal financial education in high school is not effective. This is evidenced by the recession of 2008 and credit card companies giving the youth who just turned 18 years old credit cards in some countries. (, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development . When people lack financial knowledge, they are more inclined to making unwise and costly financial decisions in relation to borrowing, savings, investments, and retirement planning (Chen & Volpe, 1998 cited in Lusardi, 2008; Peng et al., 2007). The financial industry will benefit from increased participation of informed consumers of their various products such as savings, investments, and declines in defaults on loan repayments. Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. For example, as people are taught from a young age to manage their finances well, the expenditure on future welfare programs may be greatly reduced if the students grow up to be financially competent citizens. Financial literacy, financial education and financial knowledge can be used interchangeably as has been argued by Al-Tamimi and Bin Kalli (2009) , Howlett, Kees, and Kemp (2008) and Yoong, See, and Baronovich … View or download all content the institution has subscribed to. The review showed that level of financial literacy is low both in developed and developing countries, but policy and academic response in developing countries in general and Africa in particular is at low level. This way, effectiveness or the lack thereof can be truly established. 1. In this section, we discuss why financial literacy is important and why it should be introduced in the Botswana secondary school curriculum. Copyright © 2020 Author(s) retain the Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Despite its potential positive impact, levels of financial literacy are unfortunately reported to be lower for high-income countries, and even much worse for middle and lower income countries (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2011; Xu & Zia, 2012). The first two alternatives are discussed co-jointly as they are close. . According to Georgiou (2015), teens in the age bracket of 12 to 19 have an estimated spending power of US$819 billion dollars globally per year. This paper uses data from the 2009 National Financial Capability Study to examine financial literacy and financial behavior in a sample of approximately 4,500 young adults age 25 to 34. The core of the domain of financial literacy is personal finances that can support financial well-being: a situation in which personal finances are a means to achieve and maintain a desired standard of living. One such study, conducted by Finmark Trust (2004, cited in Republic of Botswana, 2009), found that 48% of the people in Botswana were not making use of available banking facilities. This makes them an obvious prey for targeted marketing from retailers and credit card companies. The failure to both promote and reinforce PFL in schools has the potential to affect consumers’ ability to make sound financial decisions about present and future personal needs (Davis & Durband, 2008). Financial decisions that may be adversely affected include the art of budgeting when living away from parents, saving and investing, how to maximize the use of banking services, and many more. Similarly, the situation is not so pleasing for secondary school and college students for both developed and developing countries like Botswana. By this we mean that it is composed of multiple elements that develop and interact with one another over time (Figure 1). Personal financial literacy (PFL) is an imperative life skill that all 21st-century students should have. Pelaelo and Swami find that 20% use up all their money in the first week of the month and another 60% in the first 2 weeks. Despite the need for such a move, Botswana does not have a deliberate program in its curriculum that specifically addresses this problem. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. Although countries such as Botswana are not yet reported to experience such extreme situations in terms of predatory credit card companies, financial literacy will protect youthful graduates from such behaviors by banks as soon as they start working. Based on these statistics, students who took accounting for the past years have averaged 5%, business studies 6%, commerce 39%, and mathematics 89%, respectively, of total BGCSE student enrollment. The assessment of business subjects and mathematics discussed above shows that these subjects fall short at offering students all the necessary PFL content. At the heart of implementation of PFL are two basic issues. Sharing links are not available for this article. Lean Library can solve it. Thus, the study examined the extent to which the syllabi for accounting, business studies, commerce, and mathematics on their inclusion of PFL in the curriculum in terms of aims, objectives, and content. Meta-analysis is performed on financial literacy and financial education relationships in 201 non-redundant studies. It has also been found out that financial illiteracy has far-reaching consequences. We conclude by saying that a PFL course should be introduced in secondary schools and that it should be required for secondary school graduation due to its many potential benefits to the youth and the nation at large, now and in the future. The difference in levels of rigor and accountability means students in some schools may not really get much that is useful from personal finance courses. Other topics relevant to PFL but taught with reference to businesses only include keeping books, business finance, business planning, risks in business, and customs and excise department in Botswana. She also points out that educators may have problems with infusion because the curriculum is exam-driven. The study found that educators have very low financial literacy, and goes further to suggest that their knowledge and skills need to be improved through training if they (educators) are to be effective at imparting PFL skills to learners. Teachers may not necessarily have the knowledge and competence levels required in infusing emerging issues they are expected to integrate into their specific teaching subjects and this could compromise learning outcomes. Research on financial literacy, developed over the past decade, has established widespread presence of financial illiteracy, as well as a strong correlation between low financial literacy and negative financial outcomes at the household level. Also, such knowledge would be helpful in equipping students to consider other options available to them besides loans. This deplorable state of affairs has negative implications on the well-being of the populace, as evidenced by increased indebtedness, lower saving, poor planning for retirement, and the making of many poor personal financial decisions. We also offer new evidence on financial literacy among high school students, drawing on the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment implemented in 18 countries. being financially knowledgeable about: (a) money, credit, investments, banking, insurance, and taxes; (b) the foundational concepts of financial management (e.g., risk, loss, gain); (c) and being able to use this knowledge to plan and make sound financial decisions. The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent. APEF Vision 2020 Financial Literacy Report Card The consequences of financial illiteracy manifest themselves throughout our society. There are few studies that have examined financial literacy in Botswana. Depriving students these skills during their secondary school days may result in consumers who fall prey to predatory marketing gimmicks of retailers and financial institutions. They found that earlier experience with personal finance correlated with savings rates later on in life. Such sophistication makes the uninformed consumers to be more susceptible to fraud and mismanagement (OECD, 2005). Financial knowledge also has wealth distributional implications. He also observed that a higher percentage of household debt is skewed toward short-term unsecured loans and not long-term secured loans which is tied to vehicles and property. ‪Professor of Economics and Accountancy, George Washington University‬ - ‪Cited by 38,245‬ - ‪Financial Literacy‬ - ‪Financial Education‬ - ‪Personal Finance‬ Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Even when they make decisions to take student loans, they would be in a good position to evaluate creditors and settle for better deals. There is no single agreed secondary school PFL national syllabus or standard. The recording, classification, and summarization of financial transactions are business-oriented, while the skills to plan, budget, and making of prudent financial decisions is focused on the business rather than the individual. Research shows that the levels of financial literacy in both developing and developed countries are very low across people of all ages. Also, if the subject is offered without requiring examination, students may not feel the need to take it seriously and lose on the intended goals of offering such a program. As is widely believed, business subjects incorporate some elements of financial literacy, albeit at different levels, while mathematics is also inclusive of some topics that revolve around the basic PFL elementary skills. This will make measurement of effectiveness to be more valid and reliable. The economy as a whole would be more stable as financial markets run better, thus cutting down expenditures which would occur in the future. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. Georgiou (2015) postulates that issues such as increased indebtedness, unemployment, and loss of homes are symptoms of an underlying problem of the lack of personal financial knowledge. It is in fact enshrined in the Botswana senior secondary school curriculum blueprint which states that “sensitive to emerging issues which will be infused, integrated and/or developed into different subject areas as the need arises” (Republic of Botswana, 1998, p. 4). Students at secondary school level are already preparing for college and university where they will have to make financial decisions for themselves. This perhaps explains why financial literacy programs have a stronger leaning toward financial management for entrepreneurship to the neglect of personal financial management (Xu & Zia, 2012). In Hong Kong, all secondary schools supposed to teach financial literacy via a standardised curriculum. As already mentioned, the nature of subject content included in PFL for schools differs from country to country depending on whether it is embedded in other related subjects or it is a stand-alone subject. John A. Haslem 1. is Professor Emeritus of Finance in the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland in College Park, MD. the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. financial literacy be treated as a complex, dynamic construct. Students are expected to develop basic personal financial plans for earning, spending, saving, and investing. The focus of the syllabus is on equipping learners with business knowledge skills to enable learners to be employed or self-employed. Ratio of Business Subjects and Mathematics to Total BGCSE Student Enrollment. In South Africa, PFL is located within the economic and management sciences subject where 40% of the content is financial literacy, 30% is the study of the economy, and 30% is focused on entrepreneurship (Republic of South Africa, 2011). Several authors and researchers have diverse meanings of the term (Buckland, 2010; Fox, Bartholomae, & Lee, 2005; Marriott, 2007). Most of the topics included in the syllabus lack the deliberate inculcation of skills to address the need for personal finance skills in their day-to-day lives outside the world of work. Hira (2009) explains it in terms of, . These findings, by Molosiwa, 2010 and BenDavid-Hadar (2015), somewhat shed light on what is likely to carry if PFL is infused into existing subjects. The paper finds that most young adults lack basic financial knowledge. If they do not get any financial assistance from the government, the project would never be successful. Although Botswana has ideals of a prosperous and wealthy nation enshrined in its national vision, Vision 2016: Towards Prosperity for All (Republic of Botswana, 1997), it fails to speak to issues of financial literacy more decisively. The results of limited empirical studies implemented to evaluate financial education programs, including those in few African countries, showed that enhancing financial literacy and personal financial decision making capabilities of people would enhance the outcome of financial inclusion and other poverty reduction initiatives for the fact financially literate people can demand and properly use beneficial financial services such as savings, microcredit, insurance. Although some topics such as budgeting and forecasting and cash flow forecast may be relevant to PFL, the main focus in this syllabus is on the business entity rather than the individual. (jhaslem{at}rhsmith.umd.edu) 1. Lusardi et al., 2010). They also learn ways of appraising lenders and are thus reasonably equipped to make wise financial decisions that would help them evade fraudulence and scams. Financial education, much better at an earlier age, could be one remedy to situations of this nature. FundingThe author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Without proper training and discipline, people cannot be expected to make rational financial decisions and neither can financial markets be trusted to create a balance in the economy without a deliberate input of the human mind (Hira, 2009). Failure to equip students with the requisite personal finance skills is dangerous and counterproductive. These include limited availability of time and other resources, different level of rigor in courses and unclear timing in implementation of financial education. Based on prior research, this paper provides insights regarding financial literacy. Thus, policy makers and academics in African developing countries need to understand the level of financial literacy in the population in order to devise suitable financial education and other related policy interventions to improve personal financial literacy for its benefits of enhancing individual socio economic welfare and building an inclusive financial system and sustainable economic growth. Financial literacy defined in this way refers to ways in which individuals understand, manage, and plan their personal finances. According to Losey (2009, cited in Georgiou, 2015), there is a rise in college suicide deaths related to credit card debt and student loans. This article is published under the terms of the Creative More exposure that comes with living away from parents and getting to make financial decisions individually could be an explanation of this phenomenon. This site uses cookies. Having gone through the literature on teaching personal finance at high school level, we have arrived at the conclusion that PFL should be a compulsory and examinable subject in secondary schools. The consoling finding about college students is that their financial literacy was shown to improve with every year of tertiary education, reaching an average of 64.8% in their final year (Mandell, 2009, cited in Yates & Ward, 2011). Analysis of individual subjects’ rationale, aims and topic objectives and content in comparison with the anticipated personal finance skills aids to ascertain the extent and level of coverage and integration of PFL in the Botswana school curriculum. . . PFL focuses on the individual self rather than the organization, in matters concerning finance and the managing of financial resources. According to the OECD (2005), people with the most financial knowledge are often in the well to do class. Some of the students would naturally not make it to tertiary education but join the workforce immediately after high school. It led to foreclosures, bankruptcies, job losses, escalating credit card problems, and affected the global economy as well. We start with an overview of theoretical research, which casts financial knowledge as a form of investment in human capital. In addition, teaching PFL at high school opens to young people more career opportunities in the world of personal financial management. Students would know the risks that come with owning credit cards and managing their debts. Without proper training and discipline, people are more inclined to make misinformed decisions about the use of financial resources. A recent study by Pelaelo and Swami (2014) on personal financial management and financial stability of tertiary education students in Botswana found that although a substantial number students purport to prepare a budget for their finances, they spend the bulk of their income (living allowance) in the first few weeks of the month. For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. It can be inferred that the goal of personal finance education is to equip individuals with the skills and ability to use financial knowledge for well-advised decisions in managing their own personal financial resources. None of the students scored an “A” grade, 11% obtained grade “B,” 22% scored a “C,” and 67% scored in the range of “D” to “F.” In addition, 37% students also indicated that finances gave them stress, 60% spent their means without using a budget, 70% either had a student loan or had intentions of getting one before they graduated, and 30% did not keep track of their spending. The government should also be willing to commit financial resources to this noble course, looking at its benefits in the long term. Table 1. For this reason, policy makers around the world recognize that financial education is an integral component for meaningful development (Xu & Zia, 2012). Financial Literacy and Management of Personal Finance: A Review of Recent Literatures @article{Kaur2015FinancialLA, title={Financial Literacy and Management of Personal Finance: A Review of Recent Literatures}, author={Matewos Kebede Navkihiran jit Dalhual Kaur and Jasmeendeep Kuar}, journal={Research Journal of Finance and Accounting}, year={2015}, volume={6}, … Gosaitse E. Solomon is a lecturer of Business Education at the University of Botswana Department of Languages and Social Sciences Education. The secondary school financial literacy program would lay foundation for tertiary education and career choice. One of the reasons why financial education is a worthy investment from an early age is because its benefits go beyond the individual beneficiary of such a program. The data for the past 5 years of business subjects and mathematics, showing the ratio or percentage of students who sat for the exams for these subjects in relation to the total BGCSE graduates for each year, have been summarized in Table 1. Please read and accept the terms and conditions and check the box to generate a sharing link. This research reviews the Australian government’s policy relating to teaching financial literacy in schools and seeks to find evidence to support this direction. There is a rapidly growing scholarly, research, applied and policy literature that addresses financial literacy as a main topic in the general population’ (Brascoupé and Weatherdon, 2013) for the fact that, survey results in most countries find low level of financial literacy has been hampering personal financial decision making abilities. Through the review of literature on the subject, this study has the following objectives: to identify the content that should be included in PFL and discuss factors that make it necessary to teach secondary school students about PFL, to assess the extent to which the existing secondary school business education curriculum imparts financial literacy, and to suggest a possible approach to offering PFL at secondary school level in Botswana. In this article, we take the position that PFL should be made a compulsory subject in secondary schools, offered either as a separate subject or at the least, infused into other subjects, taught to all students irrespective of their subject choices. Manuscript content on this site is licensed under Creative Commons Licenses. Teaching financial capability is important because youth are increasingly facing higher levels of debt: The average debt of students when they graduated from college rose from $18,550 (in 2004) to $28,950 (in 2014), an increase of 56 percent. The objective of this review article is to show the concepts and significance of financial literacy and how it can contribute to improving socio economic wellbeing, financial sector development, poverty reduction and sustainable growth in developing countries in Africa. The neglect of PFL is such an incredulous oversight especially that financial literacy may have a bearing toward achieving such a glorious envisioned future. Rather, PFL must be treated as a survival skill for every human being who lives in a monetary economy. Problems such as limited time are a call for policy makers and educators to prioritize something that is more likely to affect the well-being of the nation. As employees, they may hold positions of financial planners and advisors, financial analysts, insurance brokers, wealth management professionals among others. This article analyzed the business subjects’ curriculum at secondary school level in Botswana and literature published on the subject of PFL, and found that there exists a gap in this area and a need to offer PFL to all learners in the school system. The review covered recent literatures on financial literacy; both theoretical and empirical. Close to 61 million (26%) adults do not pay their bills on time. Below we analyze the level or extent to which the curriculum endeavors to equip students with PFL skills through the subject matter and content of the business education and mathematics syllabi. In this article, the authors compare the financial literacy of high school students in Hamilton, New Zealand, with samples from Japan and the USA. To the project to fulfill such a requirement the rise over the years short offering... With financial literacy be treated as a survival skill for every human being who lives a! Form of investment in human capital be willing to commit financial resources effectively for a lifetime of education! New to the citation manager of your choice Batswana use the bulk of their debt finance... Prepare the students would know the risks that come with owning credit cards and managing their debts limitations. Be an explanation of this article they may hold positions of financial skill will to. 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